Introduction
⌅Monosodium glutamate (MSG) as a food additive has generally been used for decades in both human and livestock diets as taste enhancer (Olarotimi et al. 2023Adetunji, A.O., Olarotimi, O.J., Adu, O.A., Oladeji, I.S. & Onibi, G.E. 2019. Meat quality and consumer acceptability of broiler chickens fed different levels of monosodium glutamate (MSG). Journal of Poultry Research, 16(1): 1-6, ISSN: 1302-3209. https://doi.org/10.34233/jpr.483081. ). Its use as flavouring agent in cooking to increase food palatability and acceptance has been severally stressed (Chung et al. 2022Chung, Y., Yu, D., Kwak, H.S., Park, S.-S., Shin, E.-C. & Lee, Y. 2022. Effect of monosodium glutamate on salt and sugar content reduction in cooked foods for the sensory characteristics and consumer acceptability. Foods, 11(16): 2512, ISSN: 2304-8158. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11162512. and Yamamoto and Inui-Yamamoto 2023Yamamoto, T. & Inui-Yamamoto, C. 2023. The flavor-enhancing action of glutamate and its mechanism involving the notion of kokumi.NPJ Science of Food, 7(1): 1-3, ISSN: 2396-8370. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41538-023-00178-2.). Potentials of MSG in enhancing total diet consumption, weight increase, and efficiency of feed in various classes of animals have been previously reported (Olarotimi et al. 2023Adetunji, A.O., Olarotimi, O.J., Adu, O.A., Oladeji, I.S. & Onibi, G.E. 2019. Meat quality and consumer acceptability of broiler chickens fed different levels of monosodium glutamate (MSG). Journal of Poultry Research, 16(1): 1-6, ISSN: 1302-3209. https://doi.org/10.34233/jpr.483081. and Soares et al. 2023Soares, A.C.S., Alves, J.P.M., Fernandes, C.C.L., Silva, M.R.L., Conde, A.J.H., Teixeira, D.Í.A. & Rondina, D. 2023. Use of monosodium-glutamate as a novel dietary supplement strategy for ovarian stimulation in goats.Animal Reproduction, 20(3): e20230094, ISSN: 1984-3143. https://doi.org/10.1590/1984-3143-AR2023-0094.). For example, broilers fed 1.00 g/kg MSG had increased weight and consumption of feed (Adetunji et al. 2019Adetunji, A.O., Olarotimi, O.J., Adu, O.A., Oladeji, I.S. & Onibi, G.E. 2019. Meat quality and consumer acceptability of broiler chickens fed different levels of monosodium glutamate (MSG). Journal of Poultry Research, 16(1): 1-6, ISSN: 1302-3209. https://doi.org/10.34233/jpr.483081. ). In another report, feed palatability, growth performance, sperm production and efficiency were significantly enhanced in rabbits fed 0.25 g MSG/kg diet without causing any physiological imbalance (Adu et al. 2022Adu, O.A., Olarotimi, O.J. & Chineke, C.A. 2022. Performance, haemato-biochemical and reproductive potential indices of New Zealand White and Dutch Belted rabbit bucks fed diets containing monosodium glutamate. World Rabbit Science, 30: 35-46, ISSN: 1989-8886.). Similarly, the dietary inclusion of 2 % MSG was reported to have a beneficial effect on late gestating sows and their piglets as far as feed intake, growth and milk production are concerned (Li et al. 2024Li, T.X. & Kim, I.H. 2024. Supplementing monosodium glutamate in sow diets enhances reproductive performance in lactating sows and improves the growth of suckling piglets. Animals, 14(12): 1714, ISSN: 2076-2615. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14121714. ). The tendency of MSG to improve palatability of meals and feeds was directly linked to the ability of boosting taste sensory centres of the animal, thereby, resulting to increased weight (Banerjee et al. 2021Banerjee, A., Mukherjee, S. & Maji, B. K. 2021. Worldwide flavor enhancer monosodium glutamate combined with high lipid diet provokes metabolic alterations and systemic anomalies: An overview. Toxicology Reports, 8: 938-961, ISSN: 2214-7500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.04.009. ). Furthermore, MSG has been reported as a veritable feed additive that could be used to harness the inherent potentials of non-conventional feed resources which are under-utilized as a result of their low palatability in animal nutrition (Alimi et al. 2024Alimi, N., Assani, A.S., Sanni Worogo, S.H., Baco, M.N. & Traoré, I.A. 2024. Livestock feed resources used as alternatives during feed shortages and their impact on the environment and ruminant performance in West Africa: A systematic review. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 11: 1352235, ISSN: 2297-1769. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2024.1352235. ).
In another development, high dosage of MSG beyond 0.50 g/kg diet was reported to have an adverse consequence on the overall physiology of chickens such as causing kidney failure, heart dysfunction as well as generation of reactive oxygen species causing redox imbalance (Olarotimi 2020Olarotimi, O.J. 2020. Serum electrolyte balance and antioxidant status of broiler chickens fed diets containing varied levels of monosodium glutamate (MSG). Bulletin of the National Research Centre, 44(103): 1-7, ISSN: 2522-8307. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42269-020-00360-6. ). The reproductive potentials of Wistar rats and roosters fed high MSG diets were reportedly affected by causing notable decrease in spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis (Oluwole et al. 2024Oluwole, D.T., Ebiwonjumi, O.S., Ajayi, L.O., Alabi, O.D., Amos, V., Akanbi, G., Adeyemi, W.J. & Ajayi, A.F. 2024. Disruptive consequences of monosodium glutamate on male reproductive function: A review. Current Research in Toxicology, 6: 100148, ISSN: 2666-027X. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crtox.2024.100148. and Ruiz-Valderrama et al. 2025Ruiz-Valderrama, L., Mendoza-Sánchez, J.E., Rodríguez-Tobón, E., Arrieta-Cruz, I., González-Márquez, H., Salame-Méndez, P.A., Tarragó-Castellanos, R., Cortés-Barberena, E., Rodríguez-Tobón, A. & Arenas-Ríos, E. 2025. High-fat diets disturb rat epididymal sperm maturation. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 26(5): 1850, ISSN: 1422-0067. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26051850. ). Hence, indiscriminately high dietary MSG is implicated in conferring varying negative effects on animals (Afolabi and Olagoke 2020Afolabi, B.A. & Olagoke, O.C. 2020. High concentration of MSG alters antioxidant defence system in lobster cockroach Nauphoeta cinerea (Blattodea: Blaberidae). BMC Research Notes, 13: 217, ISSN: 1756-0500. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-020-05056-8. ). Despite these perceived negative implications, the beneficial aspect of MSG can be explored through the use of herbs and spices such as Curcuma longa (turmeric) which could be capable of ameliorating the negative effects of MSG on the animals.
Curcuma longa has been used as a colouring, and flavouring agent as well as spice in many foods. Curcuma longa and its extracts have been reported to be an effective alternative to antimicrobial growth promoters in poultry production (Aderemi and Alabi 2023Aderemi, F.A. & Alabi, O.M. 2023. Turmeric (Curcuma longa): An alternative to antibiotics in poultry nutrition. Translation Animal Science, 7(1): txad133, ISSN: 2573-2102. https://doi.org/10.1093/tas/txad133. ). Curcumin, an essential bioactive component, is abundantly inherent in C. longa and is responsible for its biological actions (El-Saadony et al. 2023El-Saadony, M.T., Yang, T., Korma, S.A., Sitohy, M., Abd El-Mageed, T.A., Selim, S., Al Jaouni, S.K., Salem, H.M., Mahmmod, Y., Soliman, S.M., Mo'men, S.A.A., Mosa, W.F.A., El-Wafai, N.A., Abou-Aly, H.E., Sitohy, B., Abd El-Hack, M.E., El-Tarabily, K.A. & Saad, A.M. 2023. Impacts of turmeric and its principal bioactive curcumin on human health: Pharmaceutical, medicinal, and food applications: A comprehensive review. Frontiers in Nutrition, 9: 1040259, ISSN: 2296-861X. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.1040259. ). Significant increase in feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion ratio were recorded in broiler chickens receiving 0.9 % of Therapeutic Curcuma powder (Al-Muhammadawi and Jassim Hammoudi 2022Al-Muhammadawi, N.A. & Jassim Hammoudi, S. 2022. Effect of adding different levels of therapeutic Curcuma on productive traits in broiler chickens. Archives of Razi Institute, 77(6): 2059-2064, ISSN: 2008-9872. https://doi.org/10.22092/ARI.2022.358198.2177. ). Jasim et al. (2024)Jasim, S.A., Al-Dhalimy, A.M.B., Zokaei, M., Salimi, S., Alnajar, M.J., Kumar, A., Alwaily, E.R., Zwamel, A.H., Hussein, S.A. & Gholami-Ahangaran, M. 2024. The beneficial application of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) on health and egg production, in layers: A review. Veterinary Medicine and Science, 10(6): e70115, ISSN: 2053-1095. https://doi.org/10.1002/vms3.70115. documented that C. longa powder fed at 0.2 % in the diet of laying hens depressed blood lipid profiles. Fuloria et al. (2022)Fuloria, S., Mehta, J., Chandel, A., Sekar, M., Rani, N.N.I.M., Begum, M.Y., Subramaniyan, V., Chidambaram, K., Thangavelu, L., Nordin, R., Wu, Y.S., Sathasivam, K.V., Lum, P.T., Meenakshi, D.U., Kumarasamy, V., Azad, A.K. & Fuloria, N. K. 2022. A comprehensive review on the therapeutic potential of Curcuma longa Linn. in relation to its major active constituent curcumin. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 13: 820806, ISSN: 1663-9812. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.820806. showed that C. longa is potent in the prevention of peptic ulcer due to the presence of flavonoid and other antioxidants. Due to the highlighted potentials of C. longa as a veritable natural antioxidant, it could have the ability to ameliorate the negative effect of MSG on broiler chickens. Therefore, this study investigated the ameliorative potential of C. longa rhizome meal on the effects of dietary MSG on growth and health indices of broilers.
Materials and Methods
⌅Preparation of experimental materials: Fresh C. longa rhizomes were sourced from Adekunle Ajasin University (Nigeria) Teaching and Research Farm’s herbs and spices section. They were cleaned and washed with fresh and cool water at room temperature. They were allowed to drain and then chopped into pieces to facilitate quick air drying for 14 days in a netted screen placed under a shade. The already dried chips were pulverized into powder to make C. longa rhizome meal (CLRM) using an electric blender [Bajaj, Model: Bravo Dlx Mixer Grinder (410175)] while MSG was sourced from a reputable store.
Animals and experimental design: A reputable hatchery was identified for supply of 200 Arbor-acre broiler chicks. The experiment was hosted by Adekunle Ajasin University Poultry Research Centre, Nigeria. The approval of the University’s Research and Ethics Committee was secured. Chicks divided after weighing in a random manner over 4 experimental diets: Control diet (CON): Basal diet without any supplementation; MSG diet (MSG): Basal diet supplemented with 1.25 g MSG per kg of feed; MSG + Low CLRM diet (MSG-LCLRM): Basal diet containing 1.25 g MSG and 1.25 g CLRM per kg of feed and MSG + High CLRM diet (MSG-HCLRM): Basal diet containing 1.25 g MSG and 2.50 g CLRM per kg of feed in a completely randomized design (CRD). All the four treatment groups were in 5 repetitions; each repetition contains 10 broilers. Chicks received starter diets for first phase (3 weeks) and finisher diets for the second phase (3 weeks) of the study with fresh water ad-libitum. The experimental diets were shown in table 1.
| Ingredients (kg) | Starter (1 to 3 weeks) | Finisher (4 to 6 weeks) |
|---|---|---|
| Maize | 50 | 56 |
| Wheat offal | 5 | 6 |
| Rice bran | 5 | 3 |
| Soybean meal | 30 | 27 |
| Fish meal | 5 | 3 |
| Soy oil | 1 | 1.5 |
| Bone meal | 2.5 | 2 |
| Limestone | 0.5 | 0.5 |
| Lysine | 0.25 | 0.25 |
| Methoinine | 0.3 | 0.25 |
| Salt | 0.2 | 0.25 |
| Vitamin-Mineral Premix | 0.25 | 0.25 |
| Total | 100 | 100 |
| Calculated Nutrients | ||
| ME (MJ/kg) | 12.50 | 12.79 |
| Crude Protein (%) | 22.68 | 20.4 |
| Fat (%) | 5.05 | 5.36 |
| Calcium (%) | 1.48 | 1.17 |
| Phosphorus (%) | 0.69 | 0.55 |
| Lysine (%) | 1.51 | 1.35 |
| Methionine (%) | 0.68 | 0.58 |
| Crude Fibre (%) | 4.40 | 4.18 |
Determination of average weight gain and relative growth rate of the broilers: On weekly basis, the average weight gains (AWG) of the broilers were captured by using a sensitive weighing balance. The weekly AWG was determined as the ratio of the addition of the differences in the weights at the beginning and end of each week to the number of live broilers per week as reported by Adebayo et al. (2020)Adebayo, F.B., Adu, O.A., Chineke, C.A., Oloruntola, O.D., Omoleye, O.S., Adeyeye, S.A. & Ayodele, S.O. 2020. Performance and haematological indices of broiler chickens fed chromium picolinate and vitamin C supplemented diets. Asian Journal of Research in Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 6(4): 54-61, ISSN: 2333-9721. and the relative growth rate (RGR) of the broiler was calculated as (Adebayo et al. 2020Adebayo, F.B., Adu, O.A., Chineke, C.A., Oloruntola, O.D., Omoleye, O.S., Adeyeye, S.A. & Ayodele, S.O. 2020. Performance and haematological indices of broiler chickens fed chromium picolinate and vitamin C supplemented diets. Asian Journal of Research in Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 6(4): 54-61, ISSN: 2333-9721. ):
The vitality/viability rate (VR) of the experimental broilers was calculated as 100 - the percentage mortality rate (MR) of the experimental broilers (Araujo et al. 2019Araujo, R.G.A.C., Polycarpo, G.V., Barbieri, A., Silva, K.M., Ventura, G. & Polycarpo, V.C.C. 2019. Performance and economic viability of broiler chickens fed with probiotic and organic acids in an attempt to replace growth-promoting antibiotics. Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science, 21(2): 1-7, ISSN: 1806-9061. https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9061-2018-0912. ). The MR was calculated thus:
where:
I - Day 1 (commencement) population of live broilers
E - Day 56 (termination) population of live broilers.
Hence,
Blood collection: On the experimental termination day, 5 broilers from each replication were isolated and fasted overnight. The broilers were bled from the jugular veins and blood samples collected into both heparinized and plain sample bottles.
Serum biochemical components analyses: The blood samples in the plain bottles were rested for 12 minutes under room atmospheric condition before spinning for ten minutes to harvest clear serum. The centrifuge speed was 3000 rpm. Serum cholesterol (Pesce and Bodourian 1976Pesce, M.A. & Bodourian, S.H. 1976. Enzymatic rate method for measuring cholesterol in serum. Clinical Chemistry, 22(12): 2042-2045, ISSN: 1530-8561.), electrolytes such as sodium cation (Na+), potassium cation (K+) and chloride anion (Cl-) (Külpmann 1992Külpmann, W.R. 1992. Bestimmung von Elektrolyten im Serum und Serumwasser [Determination of electrolytes in serum and plasma]. Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift Suppl., 192: 37-41, ISSN: 1613-7671.), antioxidant enzymes activities such as catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) (Munteanu and Apetrei 2021Munteanu, I.G. & Apetrei, C. 2021. Analytical methods used in determining antioxidant activity: A review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(7): 3380, ISSN: 1422-0067. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22073380. ) were all determined from the serum using commercially available assay kits. The serum liver enzymes such as aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) blood proteins and metabolites such as globulin (GLB), total protein (TP), albumin (ALB) and creatinine were assess as described by Tietz (1995)Tietz, N.W. 1995. Clinical guide to laboratory tests. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, PA, USA..
Hematological parameters determination: The % PCV (packed cell volume) and Hb (haemoglobin concentration) were determined by the micro haematocrit and cyanmethaemoglobin methods respectively (Santos et al. 2025Santos, L.C.P., Werfel, K. & Ferlini-Agne, G. 2025. Haemoglobin concentration measurement agreement obtained from three different devices in anaesthetised horses. Veterinary Journal, 313: 106394, ISSN: 1532-2971. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2025.106394. ). Haemocytometer was used in the determination of RBC (red blood cells) and WBC (white blood cell counts) as previously described (Santos et al. 2025Santos, L.C.P., Werfel, K. & Ferlini-Agne, G. 2025. Haemoglobin concentration measurement agreement obtained from three different devices in anaesthetised horses. Veterinary Journal, 313: 106394, ISSN: 1532-2971. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2025.106394. ). The MCV (mean corpuscular volume), MCH (mean corpuscular hemoglobin) and MCHC (mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration) were derived from the PCV, RBC, and Hb as postulated by Tazawa et al. (2011)Tazawa, H., Andrewartha, S. J., & Burggren, W. W. 2011. Development of hematological respiratory variables in late chicken embryos: the relative importance of incubation time and embryo mass. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part A, Molecular & Integrative Physiology, 159(3): 225-233, ISSN: 1531-4332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2011.02.024. . The leucocyte differentials were also determined.
Statistical analysis: Data collected were subjected to One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) using SAS (2008)SAS. 2008. Statistical Analysis System. SAS/STAT User’s Guide, Version 9.2 for Windows. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA.. Significant differences between the treatment means were compared using the Honestly Significant Difference (HSD) test of Tukey, of the same software at 5 % level of significance.
Results and Discussion
⌅Growth indices of broilers fed MSG and Curcuma longa rhizome meal: The weekly average weight gain (AWG), relative growth rate (RGR) and vitality rate (VR) of the broilers fed high inclusion of MSG and varying levels of Curcuma longa rhizome meal (CLRM) are shown in table 2. There was a statistical (p<0.05) improvement in the weekly AWG of broilers that received MSG and the two inclusion levels of CLRM as against the result recorded for broilers on CON. Furthermore, broilers fed MSG-HCLRM had better AWG (p<0.05) than their counterpart fed MSG. Though a slight increase in AWG was noted in MSG-LCLRM broilers as against those of MSG, however, this was not substantial (p>0.05). The RGR documented for chickens across all the diets were similar (p>0.05). There was a clear decrease (p<0.05) in the VR of broilers fed MSG as against the values recorded on CON. Furthermore, a non-significant increase was observed in the VR of broilers on MSG-LCLRM when compared with those on MSG. The VRs recorded for broilers on CON and MSG-LCLRM were statistically similar though the value was higher among broilers on CON. However, broilers fed MSG-HCLRM presented higher (p<0.05) VR when compared with those on all other diets respectively.
| Indicators | CON | MSG | MSG-LCLRM | MSG-HCLRM | ±SEM | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AWWG (g) | 214c | 296b | 335ab | 355a | 23.61 | 0.04 |
| RGR (%) | 194 | 190 | 193 | 194 | 0.73 | 1.12 |
| VR (%) | 77.8b | 44.4c | 67.8b | 94.4a | 9.36 | 0.01 |
Values are means and SEM (Standard Error of Means). Means in a row without a common superscript letter differ significantly (P<0.05). AWWG: Average Weekly Weight Gain, RGR: Relative Growth Rate, VR: Vitality Rate, Diets: CON (Control/Basal), MSG (Basal+1.25 g MSG/kg diet), MSG-LCLRM (1.25 g MSG + 1.25 g CLRM/kg diet), MSG-HCLRM (1.25 g MSG + 2.50 g CLRM/kg diet)
The significant gains in the weekly AWG recorded among the chickens on diets MSG, MSG-LCLRM and MSG-HCLRM were suggestive of weight gain enhancing ability of MSG in broiler chickens. Some previous studies had equally reported the weight gain enhancement potentials of dietary MSG in of farm animals especially the non-ruminant (Adu et al. 2022Adu, O.A., Olarotimi, O.J. & Chineke, C.A. 2022. Performance, haemato-biochemical and reproductive potential indices of New Zealand White and Dutch Belted rabbit bucks fed diets containing monosodium glutamate. World Rabbit Science, 30: 35-46, ISSN: 1989-8886. and Li et al. 2024Li, T.X. & Kim, I.H. 2024. Supplementing monosodium glutamate in sow diets enhances reproductive performance in lactating sows and improves the growth of suckling piglets. Animals, 14(12): 1714, ISSN: 2076-2615. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14121714. ). The better weight gains observed among the broilers in diets MSG-LCLRM and MSG-HCLRM were indicators of complimentary effects of CLRM in MSG-treated diet. This present study as far as AWG enhancement ability of CLRM is concerned in agreement with some previously documented findings such as Al-Muhammadawi and Jassim Hammoudi (2022)Al-Muhammadawi, N.A. & Jassim Hammoudi, S. 2022. Effect of adding different levels of therapeutic Curcuma on productive traits in broiler chickens. Archives of Razi Institute, 77(6): 2059-2064, ISSN: 2008-9872. https://doi.org/10.22092/ARI.2022.358198.2177. who highlighted the significant feed intake and weight gain enhancement potentials of C. longa powder in broiler chickens fed diet containing up to 4 g/kg turmeric powder. Furthermore, Khodadadi et al. (2021)Khodadadi, M., Sheikhi, N., Haghbin N.H. & Nikbakht B.G. 2021. Effects of dietary turmeric (Curcuma longa) on innate and acquired immune responses in broiler chicken. Veterinary and Animal Science, 14: 100213, ISSN: 2451-943X. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vas.2021.100213. also reported that an inclusion of turmeric powder at 5 g/kg diet significantly improved body weight gains of broilers. The bioactive components in turmeric such as curcumin, demethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin have been identified to be responsible for its biological actions (El-Saadony et al. 2023El-Saadony, M.T., Yang, T., Korma, S.A., Sitohy, M., Abd El-Mageed, T.A., Selim, S., Al Jaouni, S.K., Salem, H.M., Mahmmod, Y., Soliman, S.M., Mo'men, S.A.A., Mosa, W.F.A., El-Wafai, N.A., Abou-Aly, H.E., Sitohy, B., Abd El-Hack, M.E., El-Tarabily, K.A. & Saad, A.M. 2023. Impacts of turmeric and its principal bioactive curcumin on human health: Pharmaceutical, medicinal, and food applications: A comprehensive review. Frontiers in Nutrition, 9: 1040259, ISSN: 2296-861X. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.1040259. ). Hence, additions of CLRM at the rate used in this study brought about further enhancements in the weekly AWG and this could be linked with the action of the polyphenolic compounds inherent in CLRM which have played a modulatory role on the gastro intestinal enzymes of the broilers, and therefore, enhanced the digestion, nutrient availability and body weight gain of the broilers on diets containing CLRM.
However, the reduced vitality rate observed among the broilers on diet MSG is an indication of significant increase in the mortality percentage in MSG-treated broilers. This gave credence to previous reports that high inclusion of MSG could confer far reaching negative effects on farm animals such as kidney malfunction, heart problem, decreased spermatogenesis and increased sperm cells abnormalities as well as induction of oxidative stress and ultimately high mortality rate (Olarotimi 2020Olarotimi, O.J. 2020. Serum electrolyte balance and antioxidant status of broiler chickens fed diets containing varied levels of monosodium glutamate (MSG). Bulletin of the National Research Centre, 44(103): 1-7, ISSN: 2522-8307. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42269-020-00360-6. and Ruiz-Valderrama et al. 2025Ruiz-Valderrama, L., Mendoza-Sánchez, J.E., Rodríguez-Tobón, E., Arrieta-Cruz, I., González-Márquez, H., Salame-Méndez, P.A., Tarragó-Castellanos, R., Cortés-Barberena, E., Rodríguez-Tobón, A. & Arenas-Ríos, E. 2025. High-fat diets disturb rat epididymal sperm maturation. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 26(5): 1850, ISSN: 1422-0067. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26051850. ). However, the elevation in the viability rate observed among broilers fed CLRM which translated to reduction in mortality percentage among the broilers on diets MSG-LCLRM and MSG-HCLRM highlighted the restorative potentials of CLRM on the adverse effects of high inclusion of MSG as a dietary flavour enhancer in broilers’ diets. The present study has, therefore, pointed out that the right inclusion rate of CLRM as observed in diets C and D could eliminate negative concerns of using MSG as taste enhancer in non-conventional feed resources, considered not suitable for poultry diets due to their poor palatability, become generally useful and acceptable.
Haematological parameters of broilers fed MSG and Curcuma longa rhizome meal: There were depressions (p<0.05) in the haematological indices such as PCV, RBC and Hb (table 3) in diet MSG broilers as against the diets CON, MSG-LCLRM and MSG-HCLRM respectively. On the other hand, levels of MCV and MCH in diet CON broilers were elevated (p<0.05) while MCHC concentration across all the treatment diets remained unaffected. Among the studied differential white blood cell counts, the lymphocytes, heterophils, eosinophils and basophils in diet MSG broilers were substantially (p<0.05) reduced as against values recorded by broilers on all other experimental diets respectively. However, the monocytes concentrations were not influenced (p>0.05) in diet MSG broilers. Furthermore, all the haematological parameters were influenced in diets MSG-LCLRM and MSG-HCLRM broilers in comparison with diet MSG. In some cases, broilers on diet MSG-HCLRM had better results (RBC, Hb and lymphocytes) than diets CON and MSG-LCLRM respectively.
| Indicators | CON | MSG | MSG-LCLRM | MSG-HCLRM | ±SEM | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCV (%) | 29.20b | 20.40c | 30.40b | 32.40ab | 1.48 | 0.02 |
| RBC (x106 mm3) | 2.14b | 1.24c | 2.03a | 1.95a | 0.09 | 0.02 |
| MCHC (g/dL) | 33.50 | 33.00 | 32.80 | 33.00 | 1.54 | 0.01 |
| MCV (fL) | 102.00b | 137.13a | 128.00ab | 110.00b | 7.45 | 0.00 |
| MCH (pg) | 37.22b | 47.71a | 36.18b | 34.10b | 2.48 | 0.04 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 9.72b | 5.12c | 10.10ab | 12.80a | 0.49 | 0.01 |
| Lymphocytes (%) | 28.2b | 24.5c | 34.6a | 34.8a | 1.81 | 0.01 |
| Monocytes (%) | 2.03 | 2.13 | 2.09 | 2.16 | 0.15 | 0.23 |
| Heterophils (%) | 28.30b | 21.30c | 31.15a | 29.30ab | 2.37 | 0.01 |
| Eosinophils (%) | 2.83a | 2.13c | 2.11b | 2.93a | 0.24 | 0.02 |
| Basophils (%) | 3.12a | 2.62b | 2.74b | 2.96a | 0.17 | 0.01 |
Values are means and SEM (Standard Error of Means). Means in a row without a common superscript letter differ significantly (P<0.05). PCV: Packed Cell Volume, RBC: Red Blood Cells, MCHC: Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Counts, MCV: Mean Corpuscular Volume, MCH: Mean Corpuscular Hemaglobin, Diets: CON (Control/Basal), MSG (Basal+1.25 g MSG/kg diet), MSG-LCLRM (1.25 g MSG + 1.25 g CLRM/kg diet), MSG-HCLRM (1.25 g MSG + 2.50 g CLRM/kg diet)
The main yardstick for the critical diagnosis of illnesses and health management of farm animals are the hematological and biochemical components of blood. The adverse health impacts of high inclusion of MSG were clearly indicated in the present study by the significant depressions recorded in the hematological parameters such as PCV, RBC, Hb, lymphocytes, heterophils, eosinophils and basophils. The reduction in the PCV could be as a result of MSG interference with the physiological processes. This might, however, culminate in cell damage, failure of bone marrow production or loss of blood. From this result, the broilers on diet MSG were anemic due to the reduced mean values of PCV, Hb and RBC recorded. The result of the current study did not vary from previous ones in which anemia and generation of reactive oxygen species were among the recorded negative hematological effects of MSG on animals (Thongsepee et al. 2022Thongsepee, N., Martviset, P., Chantree, P., Sornchuer, P., Sangpairoj, K., Prathaphan, P., Ruangtong, J. & Hiranyachattada, S. 2022. Daily consumption of monosodium glutamate pronounced hypertension and altered renal excretory function in normotensive and hypertensive rats. Heliyon, 8(10): e10972, ISSN: 2405-8440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10972.). The functions of the heterophils and basophils in the defense mechanisms against micro-organisms, poisonous matters, and strange substances have been stressed (Poto et al. 2023Poto, R., Loffredo, S., Marone, G., Di Salvatore, A., de Paulis, A., Schroeder, J.T. & Varricchi, G. 2023. Basophils beyond allergic and parasitic diseases. Frontiers in Immunology, 14: 1190034, ISSN: 1664-3224. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1190034. ). With the recorded depressions in the differential WBC among broilers on diet MSG, the immune system of the broilers to resist any invasion has been compromised.
In another development, Wistar rats fed high inclusion of MSG was also recorded significant elevations in the heterophil and lymphocyte counts (Ati et al. 2025Ati, U.B., Atangwho, I.J. & Itam, E.H. 2025. Effect of monosodium glutamate on selected tissue lipids and haematology of neonatal and adult Wistar rats. Journal of Biochemical Technology, 16(1): 1-8, ISSN: 0974-2328. https://doi.org/10.51847/88vnUSGDHJ. ). Furthermore, the case of macrocytic anemia was also noticed due to the elevated MCV and MCH among the broilers on diet MSG. It is evident that MSG in the diet had induced a folic acid deficiency in the broilers. However, restorative trends to normalcy in the negatively affected haematological parameters reported among the broilers on diet MSG were observed among broilers on diets MSG-LCLRM and MSG-HCLRM. This is a clear influence of the inclusion of CLRM in the feed. The authors of the present research could, therefore, infer that CLRM at these inclusions could play a restorative role on the haematological negative effects imposed by the inclusion of high MSG in broiler diets. The current results also gave credence to the findings of Hafez et al. (2025)Hafez, M.H., El-Kazaz, S.E., Alharthi, B., Ghamry, H.I., Alshehri, M.A., Sayed, S., Shukry, M. & El-Sayed, Y.S. 2022. The impact of curcumin on growth performance, growth-related gene expression, oxidative stress, and immunological biomarkers in broiler chickens at different stocking densities. Animals, 12(8): 958, ISSN: 2076-2615. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12080958. where significant improvements in both red and white blood cells concentrations were recorded for broilers fed 200 mg/kg turmeric meal. Aderemi and Alabi (2023)Aderemi, F.A. & Alabi, O.M. 2023. Turmeric (Curcuma longa): An alternative to antibiotics in poultry nutrition. Translation Animal Science, 7(1): txad133, ISSN: 2573-2102. https://doi.org/10.1093/tas/txad133. equally observed that turmeric powder significantly increased the lymphocytes percentage of chickens. The bioactive component, curcumin, in turmeric rhizome has been linked to be responsible for this improvement (Peng et al. 2023Peng, Y., Ao, M., Dong, B., Jiang, Y., Yu, L., Chen, Z., Hu, C. & Xu, R. 2021. Anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin in the inflammatory diseases: Status, limitations and countermeasures. Drug Design, Development and Therapy, 15: 4503-4525, ISSN: 1177-8881. https://doi.org/10.2147/DDDT.S327378. ). This could, therefore, suggests that herbal supplements are a viable solution to the negative effect of MSG in broiler chickens.
Serum biochemical indices of broilers fed MSG and Curcuma longa rhizome meal: In the current study, diet MSG significantly (p<0.05) decreased blood albumin, globulin with total protein levels in broiler chickens compared to those on the control diet (table 4). Conversely, serum creatinine, cholesterol, and aspartate aminotransferase concentrations were significantly (p<0.05) elevated in diet MSG broilers, while alanine aminotransferase concentration remained unaffected (p>0.05). Incorporating various levels of CLRM into MSG-treated diets significantly (p<0.05) increased serum albumin, globulin, and total protein concentrations in broilers on diets MSG-LCLRM and MSG-HCLRM compared to those on diet MSG without CLRM inclusion. Additionally, the increased serum creatinine, cholesterol, and AST concentrations observed in broilers fed 1.25 g MSG/kg diet were significantly (p<0.05) normalized in broilers fed high MSG diets with 1.25 and 2.50 g CLRM/kg inclusion.
| Indicators | CON | MSG | MSG-LCLRM | MSG-HCLRM | ±SEM | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total Protein (g/dL) | 55.60b | 51.59c | 59.91ab | 63.40a | 2.71 | 0.03 |
| Albumin (g/dL) | 13.02b | 10.79c | 13.30b | 14.60a | 0.68 | 0.01 |
| Globulin (g/dL) | 42.58b | 40.80c | 46.61a | 48.80a | 2.05 | 0.01 |
| Creatinine (μmol/L) | 22.30c | 33.90a | 27.60b | 22.90c | 1.83 | 0.02 |
| Cholesterol (μmol/L) | 3.02b | 4.90a | 3.41b | 2.77c | 0.16 | 0.01 |
| Aspartate aminotransferase (IU/L) | 121.00b | 146.00a | 82.80c | 116.00b | 5.41 | 0.01 |
| Alanine aminotransferase (IU/L) | 78.7 | 76.3 | 70.9 | 82.0 | 3.56 | 0.56 |
Values are means and SEM (Standard Error of Means). Means in a row without a common superscript letter differ significantly (P<0.05). Diets: CON (Control/Basal), MSG (Basal+1.25 g MSG/kg diet), MSG-LCLRM (1.25 g MSG + 1.25 g CLRM/kg diet), MSG-HCLRM (1.25 g MSG + 2.50 g CLRM/kg diet).
Protein synthesis site is the liver. Any adverse effect on this organ will consequently affect the serum protein concentration. Therefore, the significant depressions recorded in the serum protein concentrations among broilers on diet MSG in the current study was suggestive of the negative impact of high inclusion of MSG as used on normal function the liver and protein synthesis. The results of this paper aligned with Abdulghani et al. (2022)Abdulghani, M.A.M., Alshehade, S.A., Kamran, S. & Alshawsh, M.A. 2022. Effect of monosodium glutamate on serum sex hormones and uterine histology in female rats along with its molecular docking and in-silico toxicity. Heliyon, 8(10): e10967, ISSN: 2405-8440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10967. and Olarotimi and Adu (2022)Olarotimi, O.J. & Adu, O.A. 2022. Growth performance, blood indices and hormonal responses of broiler chickens fed monosodium glutamate. Iranian Journal of Applied Animal Science, 12(2): 341-352, ISSN: 2251-631X. https://doi.org/10.20.1001.1.2251628.2022.12.2.14.5. which reported reductions in the concentrations of blood proteins at high inclusion levels of MSG. The significant reductions observed in the serum proteins among the broilers on diet MSG was indicated an obstructed hepatic function, and essentially, disturbance of protein synthesis in the liver (Banerjee et al. 2020Banerjee, A., Das, D., Paul, R., Roy, S., Das, U., Saha, S., Dey, S., Adhikary, A., Mukherjee, S. & Maji, B.K. 2020. Mechanistic study of attenuation of monosodium glutamate mixed high lipid diet induced systemic damage in rats by Coccinia grandis. Scientific Reports, 10(1): 15443, ISSN: 2045-2322. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-72076-6. ). Similarly, hepatic cell damage is also linked to a significant increase in serum enzymes activities. The significant elevation in the AST concentration among the broilers on diet MSG indicated alterations in liver function (Abo Ghanima et al. 2023Abo Ghanima, M.M., Abd El-Hack, M.E., Al-Otaibi, A.M., Nasr, S., Almohmadi, N.H., Taha, A.E., Jaremko, M. & El-Kasrawy, N.I. 2023. Growth performance, liver and kidney functions, blood hormonal profile, and economic efficiency of broilers fed different levels of threonine supplementation during feed restriction. Poultry Science, 102(8): 102796, ISSN: 1525-3171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2023.102796. ). The observed significant rise in the serum cholesterol level among the broilers on diet MSG concurred with the report of Moldovan et al. (2023)Moldovan, O.L., Vari, C.E., Tero-Vescan, A., Cotoi, O.S., Cocuz, I.G., Tabaran, F.A., Pop, R., Fülöp, I., Chis, R.F., Lungu, I.A. & Rusu, A. 2023. Potential defence mechanisms triggered by monosodium glutamate sub-chronic consumption in two-year-old. Wistar rats. Nutrients, 15(20): 4436, ISSN: 2072-6643. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15204436. . The elevated level of serum cholesterol was a sign of disturbance to cholesterol metabolism and could initiate coronary heart disease in broiler chickens (Kirkpatrick et al. 2023Kirkpatrick, C.F., Sikand, G., Petersen, K.S., Anderson, C.A.M., Aspry, K.E., Bolick, J.P., Kris-Etherton, P.M. & Maki, K.C. 2023. Nutrition interventions for adults with dyslipidemia: A clinical perspective from the National Lipid Association. Journal of Clinical Lipidology, 17(4): 428-451, ISSN: 1933-2874. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacl.2023.05.099. ). Apart from the serum proteins, the significant elevations in creatinine, cholesterol, and aspartate aminotransferase recorded among the broilers fed diet MSG further strengthened the claim that MSG at the inclusion used in the present study could be detrimental to broiler chickens. One of the indicators used to ascertain the functionality of a healthy kidney is the serum concentration of creatinine. A failure in the ability of the kidney to filter fluid within the body was previously linked with an abnormal serum creatinine elevation (Gounden et al. 2022Gounden, V., Bhatt, H. & Jialal, I. 2022. Renal Function Tests. [Online]. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507821/. [Consulted: January 21, 2025].). Abdou et al. (2025)Abdou, H.M., El-Gendy, A.H., Aly, R.G., Abouzied, M.M., Eltahir, H.M., Al Thagfan, S.S. & Eweda, S.M. 2025. Evaluation of the effects of monosodium glutamate overconsumption on the functions of the liver, kidney, and heart of male rats: The involvement of dyslipidemia, oxidative stress, and inflammatory responses. Journal of Xenobiotics, 15(3): 64, ISSN: 2039-4713. https://doi.org/10.3390/jox15030064. also observed and increase blood creatinine concentration of adult rats administered high MSG level. We could possibly infer a high inclusion of MSG as used in this study has the potential to predispose broiler chickens to renal impairment.
However, the restorative impacts of CLRM were noticeable among the broilers on diets MSG-LCLRM and MSG-HCLRM where the protein concentrations were significantly improved as compared with those on diet MSG. In fact, inclusion at 2.50 CLRM g/kg diet enhanced the process protein synthesis in the liver than it was observed in diet CON broilers. The present results gave more credence to Tuong et al. (2023)Tuong, D.T.C., Moniruzzaman, M., Smirnova, E., Chin, S., Sureshbabu, A., Karthikeyan, A. & Min, T. 2023. Curcumin as a potential antioxidant in stress regulation of terrestrial, avian, and aquatic animals: A review. Antioxidants (Basel), 12(9): 1700, ISSN: 2076-3921. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12091700. on the ameliorative effects of dietary turmeric powder on serum protein concentrations. Abdou et al. (2025)Abdou, H.M., El-Gendy, A.H., Aly, R.G., Abouzied, M.M., Eltahir, H.M., Al Thagfan, S.S. & Eweda, S.M. 2025. Evaluation of the effects of monosodium glutamate overconsumption on the functions of the liver, kidney, and heart of male rats: The involvement of dyslipidemia, oxidative stress, and inflammatory responses. Journal of Xenobiotics, 15(3): 64, ISSN: 2039-4713. https://doi.org/10.3390/jox15030064. , Kunnumakkara et al. (2023)Kunnumakkara, A.B., Hegde, M., Parama, D., Girisa, S., Kumar, A., Daimary, U.D., Garodia, P., Yenisetti, S.C., Oommen, O.V. & Aggarwal, B.B. 2023. Role of turmeric and curcumin in prevention and treatment of chronic diseases: Lessons learned from clinical trials. ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science, 6(4): 447-518, ISSN: 2575-9108. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsptsci.2c00012. as well as Olarotimi and Adu (2022)Olarotimi, O.J. & Adu, O.A. 2022. Growth performance, blood indices and hormonal responses of broiler chickens fed monosodium glutamate. Iranian Journal of Applied Animal Science, 12(2): 341-352, ISSN: 2251-631X. https://doi.org/10.20.1001.1.2251628.2022.12.2.14.5. also previously reported the enhancement effects of turmeric on blood protein profiles. Furthermore, the inclusion levels of CLRM used in the study also reduced the negative effects of high MSG on the serum enzymes and cholesterol content among the broilers on diets MSG-LCLRM and MSG-HCLRM. The curcumin contents in turmeric which are a highly effective polyphenolic compounds are responsible for this. Curcumin is known to be capable of scavenging the MSG-induced free radicals already and shielding the cells from oxidative stress.
Serum antioxidant enzymes and electrolytes of broilers fed MSG and Curcuma longa rhizome meal: Table 5 presents the findings regarding serum antioxidant enzyme activities and electrolyte balance in broilers fed diets with high MSG inclusion, with and without CLRM. Broilers fed diet MSG showed significant (p<0.05) reductions in serum antioxidative enzyme activities (catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase) compared to those on the control diets. However, the additions of CLRM significantly (p<0.05) increased serum concentrations of all antioxidant enzymes compared to broilers on diet MSG. Among broilers on diets MSG-LCLRM and MSG-HCLRM, serum catalase and SOD enzyme concentrations were statistically (p>0.05) similar to those on diet MSG-LCLRM, except for GSH-Px, where concentrations on diet MSG-HCLRM were significantly (p<0.05) higher. Regarding electrolyte balance, diet MSG significantly (p<0.05) elevated serum chloride concentration, while there was no statistical (p>0.05) influence on blood Na+ and K+. However, diets MSG-LCLRM and MSG-HCLRM significantly (p<0.05) decreased the elevated blood Cl- level observed in broilers fed diet MSG.
| Indicators | CON | MSG | MSG-LCLRM | MSG-HCLRM | ±SEM | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Serum Antioxidant Enzymes | ||||||
| Catalase (mM/mL/min) | 12.5b | 7.24d | 19.57a | 20.69a | 0.54 | 0.01 |
| Glutathione peroxidase (μg/g) | 220b | 125c | 225b | 365a | 11.9 | 0.01 |
| Superoxide dismutase (%) | 67.51b | 50.50c | 80.22a | 86.00a | 3.58 | 0.01 |
| Serum Electrolytes Balance | ||||||
| Potassium (K+) (mmol/L) | 4.59 | 4.71 | 4.30 | 4.87 | 0.21 | 0.12 |
| Chloride (Cl-) (mmol/L) | 97.20bc | 116.00a | 106.00b | 89.80c | 4.59 | 0.01 |
| Sodium (Na+) (mmol/L) | 128 | 129 | 120 | 139 | 6.03 | 0.23 |
Values are means and SEM (Standard Error of Means). Means in a row without a common superscript letter differ significantly (P<0.05). Diets: CON (Control/Basal), MSG (Basal+1.25 g MSG/kg diet), MSG-LCLRM (1.25 g MSG + 1.25 g CLRM/kg diet), MSG-HCLRM (1.25 g MSG + 2.50 g CLRM/kg diet).
The significant depressions in the serum anti-oxidant enzymes of the broilers on diet MSG clearly supported the claims that high inclusion of MSG in broiler diet could promote reactive oxygen species production, thereby, subjecting the broilers to oxidative stress. The results of the current research were also in agreement with Olarotimi (2020)Olarotimi, O.J. 2020. Serum electrolyte balance and antioxidant status of broiler chickens fed diets containing varied levels of monosodium glutamate (MSG). Bulletin of the National Research Centre, 44(103): 1-7, ISSN: 2522-8307. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42269-020-00360-6. . The elevated anti-oxidant enzymes diets MSG-LCLRM and MSG-HCLRM further proved the free radicals scavenging ability of turmeric meal at the inclusion used in this study. This result agreed with Peng et al. (2021)Peng, Y., Ao, M., Dong, B., Jiang, Y., Yu, L., Chen, Z., Hu, C. & Xu, R. 2021. Anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin in the inflammatory diseases: Status, limitations and countermeasures. Drug Design, Development and Therapy, 15: 4503-4525, ISSN: 1177-8881. https://doi.org/10.2147/DDDT.S327378. who reported the anti-oxidant capacity of turmeric powder on serum anti-oxidant enzymes and opined that curcumin could be used as anti-inflammation agent.
Furthermore, the elevation in serum Cl- level among the broilers on diet MSG proved that MSG is potent enough to induce hyperchloremia. The outcomes of the present paper differed from Abdou et al. (2025)Abdou, H.M., El-Gendy, A.H., Aly, R.G., Abouzied, M.M., Eltahir, H.M., Al Thagfan, S.S. & Eweda, S.M. 2025. Evaluation of the effects of monosodium glutamate overconsumption on the functions of the liver, kidney, and heart of male rats: The involvement of dyslipidemia, oxidative stress, and inflammatory responses. Journal of Xenobiotics, 15(3): 64, ISSN: 2039-4713. https://doi.org/10.3390/jox15030064. with higher serum potassium, and sodium concentrations reported in MSG-treated rats compared to the controls. In another development, Banerjee et al. (2021)Banerjee, A., Mukherjee, S. & Maji, B. K. 2021. Worldwide flavor enhancer monosodium glutamate combined with high lipid diet provokes metabolic alterations and systemic anomalies: An overview. Toxicology Reports, 8: 938-961, ISSN: 2214-7500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.04.009. recorded raised blood electrolytes in rats fed high MSG. However, the result of the present study was consistent with Macho et al. (2000)Macho, L., Ficková, M., Jezová, Z. & Zórad, S. 2000. Late effects of postnatal administration of monosodium glutamate on insulin action in adult rats. Physiological Research, 49(1): S79-S85, ISSN: 1802-9973. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.gov. as well as Moldovan et al. (2023)Moldovan, O.L., Vari, C.E., Tero-Vescan, A., Cotoi, O.S., Cocuz, I.G., Tabaran, F.A., Pop, R., Fülöp, I., Chis, R.F., Lungu, I.A. & Rusu, A. 2023. Potential defence mechanisms triggered by monosodium glutamate sub-chronic consumption in two-year-old. Wistar rats. Nutrients, 15(20): 4436, ISSN: 2072-6643. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15204436. because they opined that MSG does not alter the serum potassium and sodium concentrations. Chloride has been identified as one of the electrolytes used to monitor some health diseases. From this research, it could be said that broilers on MSG diet were greatly exposed to the incidence of an acid or fluid imbalance (metabolic acidosis). Some of the symptoms include: diarrhea, fatigue, weakness, dehydration and trouble breathing which were noted among the broilers on diet MSG. The health benefits of turmeric as an anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anticancer agent (Shamsi-Goushki et al. 2020Shamsi-Goushki, A., Mortazavi, Z., Mirshekar, M.A., Mohammadi, M., Moradi-Kor, N., Jafari-Maskouni, S. & Shahraki, M. 2020. Comparative effects of curcumin versus nano-curcumin on insulin resistance, serum levels of apelin and lipid profile in type 2 diabetic rats. Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy, 13: 2337-2346, ISSN: 1178-7007. https://doi.org/10.2147/DMSO.S247351.) were further strengthened with the outcome of this study, which clearly indicated the restorative effects of CLRM on the serum chloride concentrations of the broilers on diets MSG-LCLRM and MSG-HCLRM.
Conclusions
⌅From the present study, we could therefore draw a conclusion that dietary inclusions of MSG with CLRM is a nutritional strategy to enhance feed palatability without compromising the growth and health status of broilers. Diet containing 2.50 g CLRM/kg diet provided better growth and viability rate when fed to animals. Therefore, to safeguard the health and support optimal growth of broilers against free radicals that may be generated by high dietary inclusions of MSG, the supplementation of 2.5 g/kg of Curcuma longa rhizome meal is recommended.